Page 55 - Robotics and AI class 10
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For example, a robot that is tasked with picking up an object will use its sensors to locate the object, determine     • Navigation and Localization: Robots designed for autonomous movement require navigation and localization
 its distance, and identify any obstacles in its path. The robot will then use its actuators to move its arms and   capabilities. This typically involves integrating sensors like cameras, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), or
 gripper in order to reach the object and pick it up.  GPS (Global Positioning System) to perceive the environment and determine the robot’s position relative to its
              surroundings.
 The type of sensors and actuators that a robot uses will depend on the specific task that it is designed to
 perform. For example, a robot that is designed to move around in a cluttered environment will need different     • Computing System: Robots often have onboard computing systems to process sensor data,  run  control
 sensors and actuators than a robot that is designed to perform surgery.  algorithms, and  execute complex tasks. These systems can  range  from microcontrollers for  simpler robots
              to more powerful processors like single-board computers or even dedicated hardware for advanced robotic
 The controller is the software that tells the robot how to use its sensors and actuators to achieve its goals. The   systems.
 controller is typically written in a programming language such as R or Python.
               • Safety Systems: To ensure safe operation, robots may incorporate safety components such as emergency stop
 The development of robots that can continuously sense, maintain a certain speed, and do certain tasks is   buttons, collision detection sensors, or compliance mechanisms to prevent harm to humans or the robot itself.
 a complex process that requires expertise in a variety of fields, such as engineering, computer science, and   By integrating the above components robots can continuously sense their environment, maintain a desired
 artificial intelligence.  speed, and perform specific tasks accurately and reliably. The control systems enable robots to adapt to changing
 #Digital Literacy  conditions, make real-time adjustments, and execute tasks with precision.

 Video Session  Will discuss most of the components in detail in the coming units.

 Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
 How are robots built?  Cobots

 https://youtu.be/oHKCwyUa2rg?si=AyD642thksRs5Bfd  A cobot, or collaborative robot, is a robot designed to work safely alongside humans in a shared workspace.
            Cobots are typically lighter and smaller than traditional industrial robots, and they are equipped with sensors
            and software that allow them to detect and avoid contact with humans. This makes them ideal for applications
            where human-robot interaction is necessary, such as assembly, manufacturing, and logistics.
 Components of Robots
            In the industrial sector, these machines are proving themselves to be worthy teammates, carrying out tasks such
 Here, are the various integrated components of Robots:  as packing, welding, material handling, palletising, labelling, inspecting product quality, and assembling. As well
   • Power Supply: Robots require a power source to operate. This can be a battery, fuel cell, or direct electrical   as enabling workers to pursue more value-adding and creative activities, cobots can drive inclusivity in industrial
 connection.  businesses by supporting employees with physical disabilities.
   • Actuators: Actuators are responsible for converting electrical or pneumatic signals into physical motion. They
 enable the robot to move its limbs or other mechanical parts. The examples of actuators include motors, servos,
 hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.
   • Sensors: Sensors allow the robot to perceive and interact with its environment. They provide feedback on
 various physical properties  such as position, orientation,  proximity, temperature, pressure, and more. The
 common types of sensors include cameras, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, tactile sensors, and gyroscopes.
   • Controller / Control System: The control system consists of hardware and software components that govern
 the robot’s  behaviour and operations.  It processes  sensory information, makes  decisions,  and generates
 commands for the actuators. The control system can range from simple microcontrollers to complex artificial
 intelligence algorithms.
   • Manipulators: Manipulators are robotic arms or appendages designed to perform specific tasks. They are
 equipped with joints, linkages, and end-effectors (such as grippers, tools, or specialised end-of-arm tools) to
 interact with objects or the environment.
   • Communication Interface: Robots often require a communication interface to interact with humans or other
 systems. This can include displays, buttons, touchscreens, speakers, microphones, and wireless communication
 modules (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or RFID).
   • Perception Systems: Perception systems enable the robot to understand its surroundings. This can involve   Brainy Fact
 computer  vision  algorithms, object  recognition,  depth  sensing, and  environmental  mapping.  Perception   Unimation, a company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger in 1956 was the first
 systems are often complemented by machine learning techniques for object detection, localization, and scene   company to introduce the first batch of industrial robots to the market.
 understanding.

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