Page 91 - Robotics and AI class 10
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Functions and Working of Control Systems
            The control systems in robots are vital for their operation and functionality. The key aspects of Control systems
            in robots are:

            Sensing

            Robots use sensors to gather information about their surroundings, including position, orientation, distance,
            temperature, and more. These sensors can include cameras, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, force sensors,
            and various other types depending on the robot’s application. Sensory data provides feedback for the control
            system to make informed decisions.


            Perception and Processing
            Control systems in robots involve processing sensory information to interpret and understand the environment.
            This can involve techniques such as computer vision, image processing, machine learning, or sensor fusion to
            extract meaningful data and identify objects, obstacles, or relevant features in the environment.

            Planning and Decision-Making

            Once the robot has gathered and processed sensory information, the control system determines the appropriate
            actions and behaviours to achieve the desired goals. This can involve high-level planning, trajectory generation,
            path planning, collision avoidance, or decision-making algorithms to optimise the robot’s actions and movements.

            Motion Control
            Control systems in robots are responsible for precisely controlling the motion of robotic joints, limbs, or wheels.
            This includes trajectory tracking, velocity control, and position control. The control system generates commands
            for  the  actuators,  such  as  electric  motors,  hydraulic  cylinders,  or  pneumatic  actuators,  to  move  the  robot’s
            components accurately and smoothly.

            Feedback Control

            Feedback control is a common technique used in robotic control systems. It involves continuously monitoring the
            robot’s state and comparing it to the desired state or trajectory. Any deviations are used to generate corrective
            control signals, adjusting the robot’s actuators to minimise errors and maintain desired behaviour or motion.


            Coordination and Cooperation
             Control systems can manage coordination and cooperation among multiple robots or robotic components. This
            can include tasks such as distributed control, communication between robots, synchronisation, task allocation,
            and collaboration to achieve complex objectives.

            Safety and Fault Tolerance

            Control systems in robots also consider safety aspects, incorporating features to detect and handle faults or
            unexpected events. This can involve emergency stop mechanisms, obstacle detection, redundancy in actuators
            or sensors, and fault-tolerant control strategies to ensure safe operation and prevent accidents.


            Classification of Control System
            Control systems can be classified under two heads – manual and automated. Manual and automatic control
            systems are two distinct approaches to controlling a process or system. They differ in how control actions are
            initiated and adjusted. Let’s explore each of these control systems:

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