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The examples of non-contact-type external sensors include:
o Cameras: Cameras capture visual information through images or videos. They can be used for object
detection, recognition, tracking, or 3D reconstruction. Cameras can employ visible light, infrared, or depth-
sensing technologies (e.g., RGB cameras, infrared cameras, depth cameras).
o Range Finders: Range finders, such as ultrasonic sensors or LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors,
measure distances to objects without physical contact. Ultrasonic sensors emit sound waves and measure
the time it takes for the sound to bounce back. LiDAR sensors use laser beams to measure distances based
on the time-of-flight principle.
o Infrared Sensors: Infrared sensors detect infrared radiation emitted or reflected by objects to measure
temperature or proximity. They are commonly used for object detection, obstacle avoidance, or temperature
monitoring.
o Proximity Sensors: Proximity sensors can detect the presence or proximity of objects without contact.
They utilise various technologies such as capacitive sensing, inductive sensing, or infrared sensing.
Non-contact-type sensors enable robots to perceive and interact with the environment without physical
contact. They are valuable for tasks involving object detection, navigation, mapping, or environmental sensing.
Actuators
Actuators are essential components in robotics that convert electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into
mechanical motion. They are responsible for providing movement and force to various parts of a robot, enabling
it to interact with its environment. Actuators play a crucial role in executing robotic tasks and are used in a wide
range of applications, including industrial automation, medical robotics, aerospace, and more.
There are many types of actuators and each type has its advantages and limitations; the choice of actuator
depends on the specific requirements of the robotic system and its intended tasks. Robotic systems often
incorporate a combination of different actuators to achieve the desired functionality and performance.
Actuators play a vital role in various applications within the field of robotics. They provide the necessary motion,
force, and control required for robots to perform specific tasks.
Applications of Actuators
Actuators play a crucial role in various fields and have numerous applications.
Here are some common applications of actuators in robotics:
• Robot Manipulation: Actuators are used in robotic arms, grippers, and end-effectors to manipulate objects.
They enable precise control of joint angles, allowing robots to grasp, lift, move, and release objects with accuracy.
• Robot Mobility: Actuators, typically in the form of wheels or legs, are used to provide mobility to robots. They
enable robots to move across different terrains, navigate obstacles, and perform tasks in various environments.
Actuators allow robots to achieve locomotion, such as rolling, walking, crawling, or flying.
• Industrial Automation: Actuators are extensively used in industrial robots for tasks such as assembly, welding,
material handling, painting, and packaging. They provide the necessary force and control to perform repetitive
and precise movements, improving productivity and efficiency in manufacturing processes.
• Medical Robotics: Actuators are employed in medical robots for surgical procedures, rehabilitation, and
diagnostics. They enable precise movement of robotic surgical instruments, prosthetic limbs, exoskeletons, and
assistive devices, helping to improve surgical outcomes and enhance patient care.
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