Page 55 - Robotics and AI class 10
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For example, a robot that is tasked with picking up an object will use its sensors to locate the object, determine • Navigation and Localization: Robots designed for autonomous movement require navigation and localization
its distance, and identify any obstacles in its path. The robot will then use its actuators to move its arms and capabilities. This typically involves integrating sensors like cameras, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), or
gripper in order to reach the object and pick it up. GPS (Global Positioning System) to perceive the environment and determine the robot’s position relative to its
surroundings.
The type of sensors and actuators that a robot uses will depend on the specific task that it is designed to
perform. For example, a robot that is designed to move around in a cluttered environment will need different • Computing System: Robots often have onboard computing systems to process sensor data, run control
sensors and actuators than a robot that is designed to perform surgery. algorithms, and execute complex tasks. These systems can range from microcontrollers for simpler robots
to more powerful processors like single-board computers or even dedicated hardware for advanced robotic
The controller is the software that tells the robot how to use its sensors and actuators to achieve its goals. The systems.
controller is typically written in a programming language such as R or Python.
• Safety Systems: To ensure safe operation, robots may incorporate safety components such as emergency stop
The development of robots that can continuously sense, maintain a certain speed, and do certain tasks is buttons, collision detection sensors, or compliance mechanisms to prevent harm to humans or the robot itself.
a complex process that requires expertise in a variety of fields, such as engineering, computer science, and By integrating the above components robots can continuously sense their environment, maintain a desired
artificial intelligence. speed, and perform specific tasks accurately and reliably. The control systems enable robots to adapt to changing
#Digital Literacy conditions, make real-time adjustments, and execute tasks with precision.
Video Session Will discuss most of the components in detail in the coming units.
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
How are robots built? Cobots
https://youtu.be/oHKCwyUa2rg?si=AyD642thksRs5Bfd A cobot, or collaborative robot, is a robot designed to work safely alongside humans in a shared workspace.
Cobots are typically lighter and smaller than traditional industrial robots, and they are equipped with sensors
and software that allow them to detect and avoid contact with humans. This makes them ideal for applications
where human-robot interaction is necessary, such as assembly, manufacturing, and logistics.
Components of Robots
In the industrial sector, these machines are proving themselves to be worthy teammates, carrying out tasks such
Here, are the various integrated components of Robots: as packing, welding, material handling, palletising, labelling, inspecting product quality, and assembling. As well
• Power Supply: Robots require a power source to operate. This can be a battery, fuel cell, or direct electrical as enabling workers to pursue more value-adding and creative activities, cobots can drive inclusivity in industrial
connection. businesses by supporting employees with physical disabilities.
• Actuators: Actuators are responsible for converting electrical or pneumatic signals into physical motion. They
enable the robot to move its limbs or other mechanical parts. The examples of actuators include motors, servos,
hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.
• Sensors: Sensors allow the robot to perceive and interact with its environment. They provide feedback on
various physical properties such as position, orientation, proximity, temperature, pressure, and more. The
common types of sensors include cameras, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, tactile sensors, and gyroscopes.
• Controller / Control System: The control system consists of hardware and software components that govern
the robot’s behaviour and operations. It processes sensory information, makes decisions, and generates
commands for the actuators. The control system can range from simple microcontrollers to complex artificial
intelligence algorithms.
• Manipulators: Manipulators are robotic arms or appendages designed to perform specific tasks. They are
equipped with joints, linkages, and end-effectors (such as grippers, tools, or specialised end-of-arm tools) to
interact with objects or the environment.
• Communication Interface: Robots often require a communication interface to interact with humans or other
systems. This can include displays, buttons, touchscreens, speakers, microphones, and wireless communication
modules (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or RFID).
• Perception Systems: Perception systems enable the robot to understand its surroundings. This can involve Brainy Fact
computer vision algorithms, object recognition, depth sensing, and environmental mapping. Perception Unimation, a company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger in 1956 was the first
systems are often complemented by machine learning techniques for object detection, localization, and scene company to introduce the first batch of industrial robots to the market.
understanding.
From Robots to Cobots 53

