Page 84 - Robotics and AI class 10
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#Digital Literacy
                    Video Session

               Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
               Sensors Explained- What is a Sensor - Different Types

               https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gizihSJ63o4






        Classification of Sensors

        The classification of sensors can also be done as internal and external sensors based on their physical location
        in relation to the robot or system they are used in. Here is a breakdown of the classification:

        Internal Sensors

        Internal sensors are sensors that are placed within the body or structure of the robot or system. These sensors are
        typically integrated into the design or embedded within the components of the robot. Internal sensors gather data
        from within the robot itself, providing information about its internal state, performance, or specific parameters.

        Here are the types of internal sensors:
           • Position Sensors: Position sensors measure the position or displacement of an object or component. They
           provide information about the location or orientation of a robot’s joints, end-effectors, or other moving parts.
           By tracking position changes, these sensors enable precise control, motion planning, and feedback in robotics.
          The examples of position sensors include:

          o  Potentiometers: Potentiometers measure angular or linear position by utilising variable resistance. They
              provide an analog output proportional to the position.
          o  Encoders: Encoders are sensors that measure angular or linear position using optical, magnetic, or
              capacitive principles. They provide digital or incremental signals representing position changes.

          o  Hall Effect Sensors: Hall effect sensors detect the presence and strength of magnetic fields and can be
              used to measure position in proximity to a magnet.
           Position sensors are crucial for tasks like robot arm control, joint motion monitoring, or positional feedback
           in robotic systems.
           • Velocity Sensors: Velocity sensors measure the speed or rate of change of position of an object. They provide
           information about how fast an object is moving and in what direction. Velocity sensors are important for motion
           control, speed monitoring, and trajectory planning in robotics.

          The examples of velocity sensors include:
          o  Tachometers: Tachometers measure the rotational speed of a motor or shaft by detecting the number of
              revolutions per unit of time.

          o  Doppler Sensors: Doppler sensors utilise the Doppler effect to measure the velocity of objects based on
              the frequency shift of reflected waves.
           Velocity sensors allow robots to adjust their motion speed, maintain consistent velocities, or react to dynamic
           changes in their environment.



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