Page 79 - Robotics and AI class 10
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There are various types of tactile sensors used in robotics, each with its own working principle and design. One
            example of a tactile sensor commonly used in robotics is a pressure-sensitive mat.
            A pressure-sensitive mat consists of an array of sensors distributed across a flexible surface. These sensors can
            be based on various technologies, such as piezoresistive, capacitive, or piezoelectric, which detect and measure
            pressure or force applied to the mat.


                                         Touch/Pressure/Force
                                                                           Capacitance
                                   Film                                   Tactile Sensor  F
                                                           Resistive Film
                                                                           Plate 1

                                                                       Dielectric                d
                                                                           Plate 2

                             Insulator  Transparent  Glass  Spacer Dot
                                    Electrode Film

            When a robot comes into contact with the pressure-sensitive mat, the sensors embedded in the mat detect the
            applied pressure and generate corresponding electrical signals. These signals are then processed and analysed
            to determine the force distribution, magnitude, or even the location of the contact.

            For instance, let’s consider a robot arm equipped with a pressure-sensitive mat as its end effector. When the
            robot arm attempts to grasp an object, the mat senses the force or pressure exerted on the object’s surface. This
            tactile feedbacks allows the robot to detect when it has successfully grasped the object securely.

            By analysing the distribution of pressure across the mat, the robot can also estimate the stability of the grip,
            adjust its grip strength, or even detect slipping or unexpected forces during manipulation tasks. This tactile
            feedback helps in maintaining a delicate touch or applying appropriate force during interactions with objects.
            Moreover, tactile sensors can be used for human-robot interaction. For instance, a robot equipped with tactile
            sensors can detect and respond to a human touch or gesture. The tactile feedback allows the robot to provide
            appropriate responses, such as adjusting its movements or providing haptic feedback.


            Temperature Sensor
            A temperature sensor is a type of sensor that measures the temperature of its surrounding environment or an
            object. It provides valuable information about thermal conditions, enabling robots to monitor temperature,
            detect changes, and make informed decisions or take appropriate actions. Temperature sensors are widely used
            in robotics for applications such as thermal management, environmental monitoring, safety, and process control.
            One common example of a temperature sensor used in robotics is a thermocouple. A thermocouple is a
            temperature sensor that consists of two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end. When there is a temperature
            difference between the joined end (hot junction) and the free ends (cold junction), it generates a small voltage.
            This voltage is proportional to the temperature difference and can be measured to determine the temperature.
            Thermocouples are known for their ruggedness, wide temperature range, and fast response time. They are
            used in various robotic applications, especially in industrial settings. For example, in a robotic welding system,
            thermocouples can be placed near the welding operation to monitor the temperature of the workpiece or
            surrounding components. This helps ensure that the temperature remains within a safe range and avoids
            potential overheating or damage.



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