Page 93 - Robotics and AI class 10
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• Lack of adaptability: Automatic control systems may struggle to handle novel or unexpected situations that
were not considered during the system’s design.
• Potential for instability: Improperly designed or tuned automatic control systems can lead to instability or
oscillations in the controlled process.
Block Diagram of Control System
Given Robot Error Controller Actuators Manipulator Task
task model signals done
Information
processing unit Feedback Sensors
Integrating Sensors, Actuators, and Controller in a Robotic System
In the field of robotics, the seamless integration of sensors, actuators, and controllers is at the heart of creating
a sophisticated and efficient robotic system. These interconnected components collaborate to enable robots to
perceive their environment, make decisions, and execute precise actions with remarkable precision and adaptability.
Sensor Actuator
Controller
(Measuring process (Decision Making) (Takes action to
variable) control)
For Example - A robotic system that starts FAN automatically if the temperature goes above a certain degree.
If temperature
Continuously gets above certain
Sensor measures the temperature then
temperature Controller turn on the fan Actuator
(measure the
temperature) (decision maker) Else no (cooling fan)
action
Brainy Fact
In MRI and CT scanners a position sensor is present to ensure that the patient is in the correct
position for imaging.
Illustration with Example: Robots Assume the Position with Sensors
Today's robots perform functions as mundane as factory assembly, and as exciting as human-like machines
on two legs from out of science fiction. Factory robots move with a curious grace and speed that can appear
hypnotic. While these movements appear effortless to our own human eyes, it's easy to forget that it's all a
simple feedback loop. Instructions are sent to an appendage which activates a motor that moves the appendage
into position. But how does the system controller know that this position has been reached? By a network of
sensors feeding back to the system controller.
Advances in sensor technology have greatly expanded the capacity of robots to achieve precision positioning.
There are six types of useful sensing in robotics: tilt, rotation, acceleration, shock, vibration, and proximity.
Components of Robots as a System 91

