Page 93 - Robotics and AI class 10
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• Lack of adaptability: Automatic control systems may struggle to handle novel or unexpected situations that
              were not considered during the system’s design.
               • Potential for instability: Improperly designed or tuned automatic control systems can lead to instability or
              oscillations in the controlled process.

            Block Diagram of Control System

                  Given    Robot           Error   Controller         Actuators       Manipulator      Task
                   task    model          signals                                                     done



                                                  Information
                                                processing unit   Feedback      Sensors



                    Integrating Sensors, Actuators, and Controller in a Robotic System

            In the field of robotics, the seamless integration of sensors, actuators, and controllers is at the heart of creating
            a sophisticated and efficient robotic system. These interconnected components collaborate to enable robots to
            perceive their environment, make decisions, and execute precise actions with remarkable precision and adaptability.

                               Sensor                                                     Actuator
                                                           Controller
                         (Measuring process             (Decision Making)              (Takes action to
                              variable)                                                    control)

            For Example - A robotic system that starts FAN automatically if the temperature goes above a certain degree.

                                                                           If temperature
                                        Continuously                     gets above certain
                          Sensor        measures the                     temperature then
                                         temperature       Controller     turn on the fan     Actuator
                        (measure the
                        temperature)                    (decision maker)      Else no        (cooling fan)
                                                                              action



                          Brainy Fact

                 In MRI and CT scanners a position sensor is present to ensure that the patient is in the correct
                 position for imaging.



            Illustration with Example: Robots Assume the Position with Sensors

            Today's robots perform functions as mundane as factory assembly, and as exciting as human-like machines
            on two legs from out of science fiction. Factory robots move with a curious grace and speed that can appear
            hypnotic. While these movements appear effortless to our own human eyes, it's easy to forget that it's all a
            simple feedback loop. Instructions are sent to an appendage which activates a motor that moves the appendage
            into position. But how does the system controller know that this position has been reached? By a network of
            sensors feeding back to the system controller.
            Advances in sensor technology have greatly expanded the capacity of robots to achieve precision positioning.
            There are six types of useful sensing in robotics: tilt, rotation, acceleration, shock, vibration, and proximity.

                                                                        Components of Robots as a System    91
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