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NLP is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables computers
to understand, generate, and enhance human speech. NLP has the
capacity to query data using natural language text or voice. Most of
us have used NLP. For example, NLP is at the heart of the technology,
that powers virtual assistants like Oracle Digital Assistant (ODA), Siri,
Cortana, and Alexa. NLP may be used on both written text and speech
data.

Some examples of NLP-powered tools are as follows:

Intent Classification Web Search

NLP-powered
Auto Translate tools Email Spam Filtering

Sentiment Analysis Document Summary

The Georgetown-IBM experiment, conducted on January 7, 1954, was a landmark example
BRAINY of machine translation. Georgetown University and IBM collaborated to develop the project,
FACT which involved complete automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences
into English.

Some of the key tasks in NLP include text understanding, text generation, and language translation. These tasks allow
machines to interact with people more naturally — just like humans talk, read, and write. Let us understand each task.

Text Understanding

The process of text understanding focuses on comprehending the raw language data by analysing its linguistic structure
and extracting meaningful information. This includes several key techniques:
u Tokenization: The first step is breaking text down into smaller, manageable units called tokens, which can be words,
punctuation marks, or subword components. For example, the sentence "The cat sat" would be tokenized into the
tokens: ["The", "cat", "sat"].
u Part-of-speech tagging: Once the text is tokenized, each token is labelled with its grammatical role, such as noun,
verb, adjective, etc. For example, in the sentence "She runs fast", "She" is a pronoun, and "runs" is a verb.
u Named Entity Recognition (NER): NER involves identifying key entities within the text that carry significant meaning.
These entities could be people, organisations, locations, or dates. For example, in the sentence "Apple Inc. was founded
in Cupertino in 1976", the entities identified would be "Apple Inc." (organisation), "Cupertino" (location), and "1976"
(date).

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