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5. How does the binary system differ from the decimal system in terms of place values?
Ans. In the decimal system, each digit's place value is based on powers of 10 (1s, 10s, 100s). In the binary
system, each place value is based on powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8), moving from right to left.
6. Explain logic gate.
Ans. A logic gate is a small electronic component that forms the basic building block of digital circuits. It
performs simple logical operations essential for how digital devices work.

7. Write about any two types of data types.
Ans. a. Numeric data types are used to store numeric values. In Python, there are three main numeric data
types: integer, floating point, and complex.
b. Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs enclosed in curly braces {}. Each key in a
dictionary must be unique and immutable.
8. Describe two cyber security techniques.
Ans. a. Encryption, which hides your data by turning it into secret code that only authorized users can
understand.
b. Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra step to verify your identity, such as entering a password
plus a one-time password (OTP).

9. What is meant by “Identification of Data” in AI Project Cycle?
Ans. This stage begins with clearly defining the problem you want to solve and deciding what information will
help solve it effectively.
10. Differentiate between Deterministic Problem and Probabilistic Problem
Ans.
Deterministic Problem Probabilistic Problem
The output is always certain and predictable. The output is not guaranteed.
Can be solved by following a set of steps. Used in real-world situations.
It follow fixed rules or formulas. It relies on probabilities, patterns, and predictions.
Eg. Mathematical calculations Eg. Weather forecasting

B. Long answer type questions.

1. Explain the main stages of the AI Project Cycle with a simple example.
Ans. The AI Project Cycle has six stages: Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modelling,
Evaluation, and Deployment. For example, to create a weather prediction system, we start by identifying
the need, gather historical weather data, explore patterns, build and test the model, then deploy it in an
app for public use.

2. Describe some common punctuators.
Ans. Some common punctuators in Python are as follows:
a. Period (.): Used for accessing attributes and methods of objects.
b. Comma (,): Separates elements in tuples, lists, function arguments, and dictionary key-value pairs.
c. Colon (:): Used in dictionaries to separate keys from values, in slices, and in control structures like
loops and conditionals. To define the beginning of an indented code block.

3. Describe how modelling helps in an AI project.
Ans. Modelling process defines how different data elements are connected, helping the AI system recognise
patterns and dependencies. The strength of this data model directly influences the model’s performance,
since well-structured data supports better learning and more reliable predictions.

84 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence - XI