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Phreaking

                  This crime is committed against telephone companies by using computers with the goal of making
                  free distance calls, impersonating directory assistance or other operator services, diverting calls
                  to numbers of the perpetrator’s choice, or tapping phone lines.

                  Cloning

                  This refers to a fraud in which scanners are used to steal the electronic serial numbers of cellular
                  phones, which may be used for billing purposes and making broadcast calls. With stolen serial
                  numbers, clones can be made to make free calls that are billed to the owner of the original cell phone.
                  Carding

                  This refers to the process of stealing credit card numbers online, to be resold or used to to

                  make unauthorised purchases, such as gift cards, prepaid cards, or high-value items. against the
                  victim’s account.
                  Hacking

                  Computer hacking is the practice of modifying computer hardware and software to accomplish a
                  goal outside of the creator’s original purpose. People who engage in computer hacking activities

                  are often called hackers. The goal of hacking is to steal, alter, destroy, or expose information.
                  Some organisations actually employ computer hackers as part of their technical support staff.
                  These individuals use their skills to find flaws in the company’s security system so that they can
                  be repaired quickly. In many cases, this type of computer hacking helps prevent identity theft
                  and other serious computer-related crimes.

                  Cracking

                  The  process  of  stealing  personal  information,  changing  financial  data,  and  breaking  security
                  systems to gain unauthorised access to computer systems  is called cracking. The people who
                  are involved in the process of cracking are called crackers.
                  Software cracking is considered illegal and cracked software is often called pirated software.


                   i +  CYBERSECURITY


                  Security is an important issue for all modern information systems. The process of protecting
                  computer resources such as networks, devices, programs, and data from unauthorised access,
                  damage, or attack is called cybersecurity.
                  Confidential data and privacy must be safeguarded, and the system must be protected against
                  malicious acts of theft or disruption. Unfortunately, the number of cybercrimes is on the rise
                  around the world. The various reasons for increased cybercrimes are:

                  •  Increasing use of Internet                      •  Multi-pronged attacks

                  •  Lack of awareness                               •  Existing loopholes in software
                  •  Untrained Internet users




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