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Page 41 - Toucpad robotics C11
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    Real-World Use of Algorithms in Robotics
                     Algorithms are used in almost every modern robotic system:

                           Application Area                Algorithm Used            Purpose
                      Autonomous Cars            Pathfinding (A*)                    Safely navigate roads

                      Industrial Robots          Kinematic Algorithms                Control robotic arm movement
                                                 PID  (Proportional-Integral-Derivative)
                      Drones                                                         Maintain balance and orientation
                                                 Control Algorithm
                      Search & Rescue Robots     Object Detection Algorithm          Identify survivors or obstacles
                      AI-Powered Robots          Machine Learning Algorithms         Learn from data and improve performance
                     Learning to Think Like a Robot
                     When students learn to create algorithms, they are not just learning to write code — they are learning to think logically
                     and systematically.
                     A good roboticist doesn’t jump directly to coding. They first:
                        Observe the problem carefully
                     u
                        Write down the logical sequence of actions
                     u
                        Test the flow using paper or simulation
                     u
                        Finally, convert it into code
                     u
                     This approach nurtures problem-solving skills, clarity of thought, and technical discipline — all key traits of 21st-century
                     learners.
                         REBOOT

                        Activities for Students
                        Write an algorithm for a robot that can pick and place three coloured blocks in specific boxes (red    Box A,
                        blue   Box B, green   Box C).
                        1.   Create a flowchart for a smart light system that turns ON when motion is detected and OFF after 30 seconds
                            of inactivity.
                        2.   Find out what pathfinding algorithms are used by robots in warehouses (e.g., Amazon’s Kiva Robots) and
                            explain how they navigate efficiently.
                        3.   Use Tinkercad Circuits or Arduino IDE to simulate a line-following robot and observe how algorithmic logic
                            converts into movement.

                     Matrix Operations: Essential for Transformations and Coordinate Systems

                     Mathematics, particularly linear algebra (which involves matrices and vectors), provides the language for describing
                     position, orientation, and movement in 3D space.
                     Coordinate Systems

                        A robot operates within various coordinate systems:
                     u
                            Robot Base Frame: The origin of the robot (e.g., the base of a robotic arm).
                           l
                            Joint Frames: A coordinate system for each joint.
                           l
                            End-Effector Frame: A coordinate system at the robot’s tool or gripper.
                           l
                            World Frame: A global coordinate system representing the environment.
                           l
                        Example: Imagine a robot picking up a block. The block’s position is known in the world frame. The robot’s arm base
                     u
                        is in its own base frame. To grab the block, the robot needs to know the block’s position relative to its own arm.
                                                                                                                           39
                                                                                        Introduction to Robots: What Exactly are They?

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