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Page 11 - Toucpad robotics C11
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    (vii)  Coordinate Systems.
                             Cartesian, polar, and cylindrical coordinates used for robot positioning and movement.
                      (viii) Specification of Robots.
                             Resolution: Reference to the smallest incremental movement that a robot can detect or achieve, robot’s control
                           system and sensors.
                             Current Trends: Higher Resolution Encoders particularly in applications requiring high precision, such as electronics
                           or biomedical manufacturing.
                           Sub-Micron Resolution: High-precision applications, robots, sub-micron levels and semiconductor manufacturing.
                             Integrated Vision Systems: Integrated vision systems that enhance resolution by allowing real-time adjustments
                           based on visual feedback.
                           Accuracy: Ability to position its end-effectors precisely at a desired location.
                             Current Trends: Enhanced Calibration Techniques- Achieve better absolute accuracy. Calibration accounts for all
                           joints and links, minimizing errors in each part of the robot arm.
                             Dynamic  Error Compensation:  Dynamically  adjust  for temperature  changes,  wear, and other  environmental
                           factors to maintain accuracy.
                           Feedback Mechanisms: Laser-based tracking and real-time correction.
                           Repeatability: Ability to return to a specific position under identical conditions repeatedly.
                             Current Trends: Sub-Millimeter Repeatability: Tasks requiring high consistency, such as spot welding in automotive
                           production.
                             Improved Mechanical Design: Improved repeatability, as the mechanical components and more reliable over
                           repeated cycles.
                             Adaptive  Control Systems:  Adaptive  control systems,  complex,  repetitive  motions,  such as pick-and-place
                           operations in logistics or packaging.
                   3.  Computing Systems
                      (i)  Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT).
                             Application in robotics for decision-making.
                      (ii)  Microcontroller / SBC Architecture.
                             Understanding block diagrams and architecture.
                      (iii)  Programming Fundamentals.
                             Algorithms,  flowcharts,  pseudo  code,  microcontroller/SBC  programming,  basic  embedded  C  programming,
                           interrupts, and timers.
                      (iv)  Debugging and Testing.
                             Ensuring correct and efficient program execution.
                   4.  Electrical and Control Systems
                      (i)  Motors and Sensors.
                             Types of motors (DC, Servo) description, characteristics, application, advantages and disadvantages. Sensors
                           (IR, ultrasonic, LIDAR, touch, gyroscopes, accelerometer) description, working principle, application, advantages
                           and disadvantages.
                      (ii)  Batteries.
                             Types of batteries commonly used in robotics (lithium-ion,lead-acid),characteristics, applications and drawbacks.
                      (iii)  Communication Protocol.
                             UART,  I2C, SPI, CAN. Comparison  and key  characteristics,  differences, uses, speed  and performance, error
                           detection and reliability.

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