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Page 137 - Toucpad robotics C11
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    ∑  Output: Create a comparison chart (specs, applications, pros/cons) and record short notes or photos of
                             the setup.
                          ∑  Learning Outcome: Understand how motor choice impacts robotic design—continuous vs. precise
                             movements.
                      2.  Sensor Experiment – Obstacle Detection
                          ∑  Task: Build a small test using an IR or Ultrasonic sensor with Arduino/Tinkercad (virtual option if hardware
                             unavailable). Program it to detect objects at different distances. Note how accuracy changes with surface
                             type, lighting, or distance.
                          ∑  Output: A table showing sensor readings under different conditions, and a short conclusion on which
                             situations the sensor is reliable or not.
                          ∑  Learning Outcome: Explore how environmental factors affect robotic perception and why engineers use
                             sensor fusion.
                      3.  Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop Control Demonstration
                          ∑   Task: Simulate or physically test an open-loop vs. closed-loop system. Example:
                             §    Open-loop: A fan runs at fixed speed for 2 minutes, regardless of output.
                                  Closed-loop: A temperature-controlled fan (or virtual PID demo) that adjusts speed depending
                             §
                                  on a sensor reading.
                          ∑  Output: Flowcharts of both systems + a short explanation of which is more accurate and why
                             feedback is crucial in robotics.
                          ∑  Learning Outcome: Grasp the importance of control systems in achieving accuracy, efficiency,
                             and safety in robots.

                                                                 AT A GLANCE
                             Actuators  are the  components  that  enable  a robot  to  perform physical  actions  by  converting  electrical
                         •
                            energy into mechanical motion.
                             A DC motor is an electrical machine that converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical
                         •
                            energy, typically in the form of rotational motion.
                             A servo motor (often simply called a “servo”) is a special type of motor system designed for precise control
                         •
                            of angular position, velocity, and acceleration.

                         •   Sensors are indispensable components of any robotic system.
                         •   These two types of sensors are often found together in a single unit called an Inertial Measurement Unit
                            (IMU).
                             For a robot’s various electronic components – the microcontroller (its brain), different sensors (its senses),
                         •
                            motors (its muscles), and other peripheral devices – to work together seamlessly, they need a way to “talk”
                            to each other.
                             Every component within a robot requires electrical energy to perform its function. The amount of power
                         •
                            (measured in watts, where Power = Voltage × Current) or current (measured in amperes) consumed by each
                            component directly impacts the robot’s overall energy budget.
                             A Control System is a set of devices and algorithms that manage, command, direct, or regulate the behaviour
                         •
                            of a robot or another system.

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                                                                                                     Electrical and Control Systems

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