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    Pan-and-Tilt  Units: For precisely  aiming  cameras, sensors,  or other  devices (e.g., in surveillance robots,  drone
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                        cameras).
                        Robotic Legs/Wheels (Advanced): In more complex legged robots or for steering mechanisms in wheeled robots
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                        where precise angle control is needed.
                        CNC Machines: For controlling the precise movements of cutting tools.
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                     Advantages
                        High Precision and Accuracy: Unmatched in their ability to achieve and maintain exact positions.
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                        Closed-Loop Control: Provides excellent accuracy and repeatability, even under varying loads.
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                        High Torque-to-Size Ratio: Can generate significant torque for their compact size due to gearing.
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                        Dynamic Response: Very responsive to changes in command, making them suitable for dynamic movements.
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                        Smooth Operation: Can operate very smoothly, even at low speeds, with minimal cogging (jerky motion).
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                        Reliable: Less prone to “losing steps” or position errors compared to open-loop motors.
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                     Disadvantages
                        Higher Cost: Generally, more expensive  than  basic  DC motors  due  to  the  integrated  electronics,  gears,  and
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                        feedback sensor.
                        Complexity: Requires more sophisticated control electronics and tuning to stabilise the feedback loop.
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                        Limited Continuous Torque: While they  have high peak  torque,  they  may  not  sustain  high torque  continuously
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                        without overheating, especially in hobby-grade servos.
                        Overload Sensitivity: Can be damaged by prolonged stalling or excessive loads if not properly controlled.
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                        Power Consumption (at rest): Even when holding a position, a servo motor continuously draws current to maintain
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                        that position against external forces.

                                                                  AI Is Fuelling Self-Driving Cars
                                            Self-driving cars, like those from Tesla or Waymo, rely on AI to “see” the road using
                                        cameras, lidar, and radar. The AI processes this data in real time to recognise traffic lights,
                          BRAINY          pedestrians, and other vehicles. The goal is to make driving safer by reducing accidents
                           FACT
                                        caused by human error. While still under testing, self-driving cars could one day transform
                                         transportation, making traffic jams less common and freeing up time that people usually
                                                                     spend behind the wheel.

                     Comparison Summary (DC Motor vs. Servo Motor in Robotics)

                            Feature               DC Motor (Typical Brushed)            Servo Motor (Closed-Loop System)
                      Primary Use           Continuous rotation, speed control      Precise position, velocity, and torque control
                                            Open-loop (speed by voltage/PWM (Pulse
                      Control                                                       Closed-loop (position/angle by feedback)
                                            Width Modulation), direction by polarity)

                      Accuracy              Lower (without external encoder)        High (due to continuous feedback)
                                                                                    Motor, gearbox, position sensor, control circuit,
                      Components            Motor, brushes, commutator
                                                                                    amplifier
                      Cost                  Generally lower                         Generally higher

                                                                                    Lower (especially if brushless DC motor is used
                      Maintenance           Higher (brushes wear out)
                                                                                    internally)

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                                                                                                     Electrical and Control Systems

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