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    Servo Motors
                                                     Electric Motor
                                                                Worm Gear
                                                                      36T/10T Gear       Crossed
                                                                                          Horn

                                             Motor Stay

                                                28T/12T
                                              Helical Gear
                                                Output Shaft                    40T Gear
                                                                 Gear Joint

                  Description and Working Principle
                      Description: A servo motor (often simply called a “servo”) is a special type of motor system designed for precise
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                      control of angular position, velocity, and acceleration. Unlike a standard DC motor that spins continuously, a servo
                      motor typically rotates to a specific angular position and holds that position. It’s a “closed-loop” system, meaning it
                      constantly monitors its current position and adjusts to achieve the desired position.
                      Working Principle: A servo motor is not just a motor; it’s a complete system comprising:
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                      ∑	 A DC Motor (or sometimes AC/Stepper Motor): This is the core motor that provides the power.
                      ∑	 	A Gear Reduction Unit: A set of gears that reduces the motor’s high speed and increases its torque, allowing for
                        more powerful and precise movements at lower speeds.
                      ∑	 	A Position Sensor (e.g., Potentiometer or Encoder): This is the “feedback” mechanism. It continuously measures
                        the actual angular position of the motor’s output shaft and sends this information back to the controller.
                      ∑	 	A Control Circuit (or Servo Drive/Controller): This is the “brain” of the servo system. It receives a command
                        signal (e.g., “move to 90 degrees”). It then compares this commanded position with the actual position reported
                        by the sensor. If there’s a difference (an “error”), the control circuit sends a correctional signal to the motor’s
                        amplifier, adjusting the voltage and current to drive the motor until the actual position matches the commanded
                        position. This continuous comparison and adjustment is the essence of closed-loop control.

                  Characteristics
                      Precise Position Control: This is their defining characteristic. They can move to and hold very specific angles with
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                      high accuracy.
                      Closed-Loop System: The built-in feedback mechanism ensures accuracy and compensates for external loads or
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                      disturbances.
                      High Torque at Low Speeds: Due to the integrated gearing, servo motors can deliver significant torque, especially
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                      useful for holding positions or moving heavier loads.
                      Fast Response: They can quickly accelerate, decelerate, and adjust their position in response to control signals.
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                      Limited Rotation (for hobby/standard servos): Many common servo motors (like those used in hobby robotics)
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                      have a limited range of motion, typically 0 to 180 degrees, though continuous rotation servos exist. Industrial servos
                      can often rotate continuously with high precision.

                  Applications in Robotics
                      Robotic Arms and Manipulators: Critical for precise joint movements, allowing the arm to reach specific points and
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                      orientations (e.g., picking and placing delicate objects, welding, painting).
                      Grippers: Opening and closing robot grippers with controlled force.
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                  110
                  Touchpad Robotics - XI

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