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    Uses in Robotics
                      Automotive Robotics (Self-Driving Cars): The de-facto standard for communication between various Electronic
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                      Control Units in vehicles (e.g., engine control, brake systems, steering, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems like
                      parking assist, and communication with sensor arrays).
                      Industrial Robotics: Coordinating movements between multiple axes of large robotic arms, communication between
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                      robot controllers and external machinery, and implementing safety systems.
                      Mobile Robots and Autonomous Ground Vehicles: Communicating between navigation systems, motor controllers,
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                      battery management systems, and sensor arrays in complex mobile platforms.
                      Heavy Equipment: Used in agricultural machinery, construction vehicles, and material handling equipment.
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                  Speed and Performance

                      Medium to High Speed: Data rates typically range from 10 kilobits per second (kbps) up to 1 Megabit per second
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                      (Mbps) for classical CAN. More modern versions like CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) can go up to 5-8 Mbps or
                      even higher.

                      Deterministic: Due to its arbitration mechanism, high-priority messages are guaranteed to be transmitted within a
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                      predictable timeframe, which is crucial for real-time control and safety-critical applications.
                  Error Detection and Reliability
                      Excellent  Error Detection: Built-in mechanisms  include Cyclic  Redundancy  Check  (CRC), acknowledgement,  bit
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                      stuffing, and monitoring. This ensures extremely high data integrity.
                      Fault Confinement: If a node detects too many errors, it can enter a “bus-off” state, disconnecting itself from the
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                      network to prevent further disruption, making the network highly reliable.

                      Robustness: Designed for high reliability in electrically noisy and harsh environments.
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                         VIDEO SESSION                                                            21 st  Centu-
                                                                                                  ry Skills  #Digital Literacy
                        Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video: PROTOCOLS: UART - I2C - SPI - Serial
                        communication

                        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyGwvGzrqp8
                        After watching the video, answer the following questions:
                        1.   Compare I2C and SPI communication protocols in terms of speed, wiring, and device connectivity.

                        2.   Why is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) commonly used in microcontrollers like Arduino?

                  Comparison and Key Characteristics

                        Feature              UART                  I2C                   SPI                  CAN
                                                                                                      Synchronous
                                      Asynchronous (uses  Synchronous (uses SCL  Synchronous (uses
                   Synchronisation                                                                    (common clock, but
                                      baud rate)          clock line)           SCK clock line)
                                                                                                      message-based)
                                                                                4+ (MOSI, MISO, SCK,   2 (CAN-H, CAN-L,
                   Number of Wires    2 (TX, RX)          2 (SDA, SCL)
                                                                                SS for each slave)    differential pair)

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                  Touchpad Robotics - XI

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