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2. Processing (Thinking): Once a robot senses information, it must interpret it and make decisions. This function is
performed by its ‘brain’, which is typically a microprocessor or a computer. This processing unit runs complex
software that enables the robot to understand the sensor data and determine the appropriate action.
3. Acting (Doing): After processing information and making a decision, the robot must perform a physical action. This
is done through actuators, which are mechanical components like motors, gears, or hydraulic systems that convert
electrical signals into physical movement. These actuators move the robot’s limbs, wheels, or other parts.
4. Programmability: A robot is not just a simple machine; it’s a programmable one. This means it can be given a set
of instructions, or a ‘program’, to follow. These programs dictate how the robot behaves, what tasks it performs, and
how it reacts to different situations. The flexibility of programming allows a single robot to perform various tasks if its
program is changed.

Programmability
Modifying behaviour through programming

Robot Sensing
Functionality Gathering environmental
Acting Cycle data through sensors
Executing physical actions
through actuators

Processing
Interpreting data and making decisions

Example: Consider a simple robotic arm used in a car manufacturing plant.
It might use a vision sensor (camera) to sense the exact position of a car door.
u
Its control system (processor) then processes this visual data to calculate the precise movements needed.
u
Finally, actuators (motors) in its arm move the door into position, and a welding tool (its end-effector) acts to weld
u
it. All these steps are guided by a detailed program that defines the welding sequence.

AI Can Recognize Faces Sometimes Too Well

Facial recognition AI is now so powerful it can unlock your smartphone or identify
suspects in security cameras. However, it’s also controversial because of privacy
BRAINY
FACT concerns. Governments and companies debate how much AI should be allowed to “see”
and store about individuals. The technology is impressive—it can identify someone in a
stadium of thousands within seconds—but it also sparks big ethical discussions about
freedom and surveillance in the age of AI.

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Touchpad Robotics - XI