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Example: In a robotic surgery, a force/torque sensor on the surgical instrument allows the robot to provide feedback
u
to the surgeon about the forces being exerted on tissues, leading to more precise and safer operations.
Other Important Sensors

Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): Consist of accelerometers (measure acceleration) and gyroscopes (measure
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angular velocity). They are crucial for knowing a robot’s orientation, tilt, and movement, especially in drones, self-
balancing robots, and humanoid robots.
GPS (Global Positioning System): Used for outdoor navigation, providing the robot’s exact geographical location
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(latitude, longitude, altitude).
Microphones: For detecting sounds, speech recognition, and locating sound sources, enabling voice control for robots.
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Robot Sensors Comparison

Sensor Type Function Applications Example

Object recognition
Capture visual
Vision Sensors navigation, quality Fruit sorting using
information control, facial image analysis
recognition

Detect object Collision avoidance
Proximity/Distance presence and navigation, automated Robotic vacuum
Sensors distance doors, parking avoiding obstacles
assistance

Detect physical Grasping delicate
Touch/Tectile Sensors contact/pressure objects, obstacle Robotic hand
detection, human- picking up egg
robot interaction

Measure forces and precise manipulation,
Force/Torque Sensors rotational forces robot safely, Robotic providing
assembly tasks force feedback

IMUs: Orientation
Varies depending on and movement, GPS: Drones using IMUs
Other Sensors Outdoor navigation.
the sensor for stability
Microphones: Sound
detection.

The intelligent fusion of data from multiple sensors allows robots to build a comprehensive and robust understanding of
their dynamic environment, which is essential for autonomous operation.

AI Has Bias Because Humans Do
AI is only as fair as the data it learns from. If the data contains biases—like stereotypes
about gender or race—AI can unintentionally adopt those biases. For example, an
BRAINY
FACT AI trained mostly on photos of men might perform poorly at recognizing women.
This shows that AI reflects human society, flaws included. That’s why scientists are now
working on ethical AI, which is trained carefully to avoid harmful biases and create fairer
outcomes for everyone.

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Touchpad Robotics - XI