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Avoid disclosing sensitive details like your address, phone number, or school name to unknown
individuals.
Carefully consider what you share and with whom, especially on social media.
Use privacy settings on social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter to control who can
view your posts.
Speak up if you experience or witness cyberbullying. Reach out to parents, teachers, or trusted
individuals for support.
Phishing
Phishing is a type of cybercrime where a fraudulent email pretends to come from a trusted
organisation. These emails usually contain a link to a fake website that prompts users to enter
sensitive information such as credit card details, passwords, and usernames. This deceitful tactic
can lead to financial loss by stealing users' confidential information.
Measures to Avoid Phishing
Some of the measures that we can take to avoid phishing are as follows:
Be cautious of emails from unknown senders that ask you to provide personal information.
When making online transactions, check for a green lock icon in the browser's address bar to
ensure the site is secure.
Use a firewall, antivirus, and anti-spyware software to safeguard your computer.
Hacking
Hacking involves gaining unauthorised access to a computer system with the intent to damage
it or steal important data. Individuals who perform these actions are known as hackers, and they
are categorised into three types: white hats (ethical hackers), black hats (malicious hackers), and
grey hats (unethical but not malicious hackers).
Measures to Avoid Hacking
To protect your computer and online information from unauthorised access, follow these
measures:
Set strong passwords for both your Wi-Fi network and computer.
Regularly update your passwords.
Keep your operating system and software up to date.
Avoid connecting unfamiliar devices to your computer.
Check the "View site information" option in your browser’s address bar to verify a website’s
security before accessing it.
Download apps only from trusted sources and review their permissions and authentication.
Spamming
Spam refers to unwanted e-mails sent by companies to promote their products, often in bulk.
These e-mails, also known as bulk e-mails, can clutter your inbox and may even carry viruses,
worms, or be used for cyber-attacks.
Ethics and Safety Measures in Computing 43

