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Hub or Switch

                                              A hub is a basic network device with multiple ports used to connect
                                              devices such as computers and printers. It broadcasts incoming data
                                              to all connected devices, regardless of the intended recipient. This
                                              broadcast  method can lead to network  congestion and reduced
                                              performance, particularly in busy networks.
                  In contrast, a switch also connects devices through multiple ports, but directs data specifically to
                  the intended recipient. This targeted approach reduces unnecessary network traffic and enhances
                  overall efficiency, making switches more suitable for larger or more active networks.
                  Router


                  A  router  is a  network  device  that  connects  two  or  more  networks
                  and  manages  the  flow  of  data  between  them.  It  determines  the
                  most  efficient  path  for  data  packets  to  travel  from  the  source  to
                  the destination by using routing tables and algorithms. Routers are
                  typically situated at the junctions where different networks meet, such
                  as between a local area network (LAN) and the internet, or between

                  multiple LANs.
                                Modem

                                Modem stands for modulator-demodulator. It is a hardware device that connects
                                your computer or network to the Internet by converting digital data into analog
                                signals for transmission over phone lines or cables and then converting incoming
                                analog signals back into digital data. This process, called modulation (digital to
                                analog) and demodulation (analog to digital), allows your computer to send and
                                receive data, enabling Internet access.

                  Networking Cable

                  Networking cables are physical cables used to connect and transmit data
                  between devices in a network. They come in various types, each designed
                  for specific networking needs and technologies. Some of the most common
                  types of networking cables are Ethernet cables (twisted pair cables), coaxial

                  cables, fibre optic cables, etc.
                                                 Gateway

                                                 A  gateway  is a  network  device  that  connects  and  allows
                                                 communication between  two  different  networks,  often  with
                                                 differing protocols or architectures. It serves as a bridge, enabling
                                                 data to flow between networks that use different communication
                                                 methods or  standards.  Additionally,  gateways  help manage  and
                                                 secure  data  traffic  between  these  networks,  providing  functions
                                                 such as protocol translation, traffic routing, and network security.




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