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Relative References
Relative references in Excel are cell references that adjust automatically when you copy a formula
to another cell. This feature makes it easier to apply the same calculation across multiple cells
without manually editing each formula.
When you use a relative reference in a formula, Excel interprets the reference relative to the
position of the formula. If you move or copy the formula to a new location, the reference
automatically updates based on the new location.
To use a relative cell reference, follow these steps:
2 Click on the
Copy command
under Home tab. 1 Select the cell
that contains the
formula in which
the reference of
other cells is used.
4 Click on the
Paste command
under Home tab.
3 Select another
cell in which you
want to copy the
formula.
Absolute References
If you want to keep a constant reference to a specific cell or range, regardless of where the formula
is copied or moved, use absolute references. In Excel, absolute references are cell references that
do not change when you copy a formula to another cell. When you use an absolute reference in a
formula, Excel always refers to the same cell or range, even if the formula is copied to a different
location. For this, you need to add a dollar sign ($) before the column letter and row number in
the reference.
For example, if you want to apply a 10% discount to all products and keep the discount the same,
add the Dollar ($) sign to the cell with the discount percentage. If the discount percentage is in
cell B9, formula should look like this =((B3*C3)-((B3*C3)*($B$9))).
Spreadsheet—Functions and Charts 19

