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There are two categories of low-level languages:
Machine Language
Machine language is the only language understood by the computer. It is also known as the first
generation language (1GL). Machine language is very difficult for programmers to use because
it only consists of two digits, 0 and 1, called binary digits or bits. Where the bit ‘0’ represents the
OFF state and the bit ‘1’ represents the ON state.
Assembly Language
Assembly language is also known as second-generation language (2GL). It is the language in
which program codes are written in the form of alphanumeric symbols called 'Mnemonics Code'
instead of 0 and 1. In the assembly language, a programmer writes abbreviations such as A for
addition, C for compare, L for load, M for Multiply, etc.
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
High-level language is considered to be closer to human beings. It is machine-independent
language. However, they need to be translated into binary or machine language. Programs
written in high-level languages are called source code. Since the computer understands only 0s
and 1s, all high-level languages require a software called language processor or translator to
convert the instructions into machine language are also called object code. Let’s discuss about
some high-level languages.
Third-Generation Languages (3GL)
In third-generation languages (3GL), the programmer writes a series of English-like words that
tell the computer what to do and how to accomplish it. Many third-generation languages also use
arithmetic operators, such as * for multiplication and + for addition. Some early procedural 3GLs are
BASIC, PASCAL, C, and FORTRAN. Other advanced object-oriented 3GLs include C++, Java, and C#.
Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL)
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) also use English-like statements. They specify what the
program should accomplish without explaining how. 4GLs are fast and require less time and effort
from the programmer. In fact, 4GLs are so easy to use that individuals with very little programming
background can develop programs. Examples of 4GLs include SQL, Perl, and Python.
Natural Languages (5GL)
Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) use natural language or visual tools to create programs.
They focus on specifying what the program should achieve rather than how to achieve it. 5GLs
are designed to be very user-friendly, allowing users with minimal programming experience to
develop complex applications. These languages are often employed in fields such as artificial
intelligence and expert systems. Examples of 5GLs include Mercury, OPS5, and Prolog.
uiz Bee Which language is also known as computer's native language?
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Algorithm, Flowchart and Mind Maps 115

