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Some advantages of the database are as follows:
                 •  Organised Storage: Databases employ structured formats and indexing mechanisms to organise data efficiently,
                   which allows fast and accurate retrieval of information. This organisation typically follows a predefined schema,
                   ensuring data integrity and facilitating query operations.
                 •  Data Analysis: DBMS systems provide powerful querying capabilities that enable users to perform various analyses
                   on the stored data. Aggregate functions, sorting, filtering, and grouping operations make it easy to understand such
                   as maximum, minimum, average, or other statistical measures from the data.
                 •  Reduces Data Redundancy: Data Redundancy means keeping multiple copies of the same data in a System. Using
                   DBMS, the data in tables are interlinked through a common column to avoid duplicate entries. Data constraints are
                   applied to store data based on different criteria.
                 •  Sharing of Data: It means data can be accessed by multiple users at the same time. Different users can have different
                   rights and privileges to access data. Some may have the right to only view the data. Some may have permission to
                   modify the data. Database administrators manage the rights and privileges for sharing data through a centralised
                   system.
                 •  Data Consistency: It ensures that data remains accurate, reliable, and uniform across the database. By minimising
                   data redundancy, chances of inconsistent data being stored is reduced. For example, it should not happen that the
                   name of the student is changed in one table and not in another. Such inconsistency is reduced by using a DBMS.
                 •  Increases Efficiency: By organising data in a structured manner and optimising storage and retrieval mechanisms,
                   databases enhance overall system efficiency. Indexing, caching, and query optimisation techniques ensure that
                   operations  like  data insertion,  retrieval, and  modification  are  performed quickly  and  with minimal  resource
                   utilisation.
                 •  Increases Accuracy: The centralised nature of databases and the enforcement of data integrity constraints ensure
                   that the information stored is accurate and reliable. Redundancy reduction and normalisation techniques mitigate
                   the risk of errors caused by duplicate or inconsistent data.
                 •  Increases Validity: Database systems allow the specification of data validation rules and constraints at the schema
                   level. These rules enforce the integrity and validity of data at the point of entry, preventing the insertion of invalid
                   or inappropriate data values. This ensures that the database maintains a high level of data quality and reliability.
                 •  Data Security: DBMS provides data security so that only authorised users can have access to the database. For
                   security reasons, different users have different privileges. Also, users have assigned user IDs and passwords for
                   authorised access to the centralised database.
                 •  Data Backup and Recovery: DBMS provides data backup and recovery features. Users can maintain data backup on
                   weekly or fortnightly so that if data loss occurs due to system failure the data recovery process can be easily carried
                   out.


                         DATA MODEL

                 A data model in database management systems (DBMS) is a conceptual representation of how data is organised and
                 structured within the database. It defines the relationships between different types of data, the constraints that apply
                 to the data, and the operations that can be performed on the data.

                 Hierarchical Data Model
                 The Hierarchical Data Model organises data like a family tree. At the top is a single parent, and underneath are children,
                 who can have children of their own. The data is stored in the form of records. A record is a collection of fields and their
                 data values. All these records are linked to each other at various levels, thereby forming a hierarchy. Think of it like files
                 and folders on a computer, where each folder can contain multiple files or subfolders.




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