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Some advantages of the database are as follows:
• Organised Storage: Databases employ structured formats and indexing mechanisms to organise data efficiently,
which allows fast and accurate retrieval of information. This organisation typically follows a predefined schema,
ensuring data integrity and facilitating query operations.
• Data Analysis: DBMS systems provide powerful querying capabilities that enable users to perform various analyses
on the stored data. Aggregate functions, sorting, filtering, and grouping operations make it easy to understand such
as maximum, minimum, average, or other statistical measures from the data.
• Reduces Data Redundancy: Data Redundancy means keeping multiple copies of the same data in a System. Using
DBMS, the data in tables are interlinked through a common column to avoid duplicate entries. Data constraints are
applied to store data based on different criteria.
• Sharing of Data: It means data can be accessed by multiple users at the same time. Different users can have different
rights and privileges to access data. Some may have the right to only view the data. Some may have permission to
modify the data. Database administrators manage the rights and privileges for sharing data through a centralised
system.
• Data Consistency: It ensures that data remains accurate, reliable, and uniform across the database. By minimising
data redundancy, chances of inconsistent data being stored is reduced. For example, it should not happen that the
name of the student is changed in one table and not in another. Such inconsistency is reduced by using a DBMS.
• Increases Efficiency: By organising data in a structured manner and optimising storage and retrieval mechanisms,
databases enhance overall system efficiency. Indexing, caching, and query optimisation techniques ensure that
operations like data insertion, retrieval, and modification are performed quickly and with minimal resource
utilisation.
• Increases Accuracy: The centralised nature of databases and the enforcement of data integrity constraints ensure
that the information stored is accurate and reliable. Redundancy reduction and normalisation techniques mitigate
the risk of errors caused by duplicate or inconsistent data.
• Increases Validity: Database systems allow the specification of data validation rules and constraints at the schema
level. These rules enforce the integrity and validity of data at the point of entry, preventing the insertion of invalid
or inappropriate data values. This ensures that the database maintains a high level of data quality and reliability.
• Data Security: DBMS provides data security so that only authorised users can have access to the database. For
security reasons, different users have different privileges. Also, users have assigned user IDs and passwords for
authorised access to the centralised database.
• Data Backup and Recovery: DBMS provides data backup and recovery features. Users can maintain data backup on
weekly or fortnightly so that if data loss occurs due to system failure the data recovery process can be easily carried
out.
DATA MODEL
A data model in database management systems (DBMS) is a conceptual representation of how data is organised and
structured within the database. It defines the relationships between different types of data, the constraints that apply
to the data, and the operations that can be performed on the data.
Hierarchical Data Model
The Hierarchical Data Model organises data like a family tree. At the top is a single parent, and underneath are children,
who can have children of their own. The data is stored in the form of records. A record is a collection of fields and their
data values. All these records are linked to each other at various levels, thereby forming a hierarchy. Think of it like files
and folders on a computer, where each folder can contain multiple files or subfolders.
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