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• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): FTP is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a
server on a computer network. It provides a simple way to upload and download files from one computer to another
over the Internet.
• HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure): HTTPS is an extension of HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) that
adds a layer of security using SSL/TLS encryption. It ensures that data transmitted between a web browser and a
web server remains private and integral. HTTPS is commonly used for secure communication over the Internet,
particularly for sensitive transactions such as online banking, e-commerce, and accessing confidential information.
These protocols play critical roles in facilitating different types of communication and data transfer over the Internet, each
addressing specific needs related to email transmission, network communication, file sharing, and secure web browsing.
TERMINOLOGIES OF THE INTERNET
Some of the important terms related to the Internet are:
• Online: Going online means connecting your device to the Internet.
• Hyperlink/HyperText/Link: When a move pointer hovers over a word, text or graphics, it changes to a small hand
and when clicked, it opens a web page or a website. It serves as a link for connecting many web documents to
simplify the process of web browsing.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language): HTML is the standard markup language for creating web pages. It structures
content using tags and elements, defining the layout and appearance of web pages in conjunction with CSS and
JavaScript.
• Website: Collection of related web pages that can be accessed by a unique web address or URL. A website is owned
either by an individual or any organisation and can be hosted on a World Wide Web.
• Homepage: The first page displayed when you visit a website is called a homepage. It generally contains the
hyperlinks for the other web pages.
• ISP (Internet Service Provider): An ISP is a company that provides individuals and organisations access to the
internet. ISPs offer various services such as internet access, domain registration, web hosting, and email services.
• Web address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator): It is the address of the web file located on a web server that can
be accessed using any web browser on the Internet. It is similar to the address we write on an envelope. URL is
translated into a numeric address using the domain name system. For example: https://www.orangeeducation.in/
• Cookies: Cookies are small pieces of data stored on a user's device by websites they visit. They are used to remember
information about the user, such as login status, preferences, and tracking information for personalised experiences
and analytics.
• DNS (Domain Name System): It is a phonebook of the Internet that translates each URL into its corresponding IP
address. Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address. Since it is difficult to memorise IP addresses,
so for convenience the alphanumeric address is used for naming the websites. When we type the alphanumeric
address in the address bar of the web browser, then, the DNS translates it into an IP address and requests the web
server to locate the specified file on its site.
Some common Top-Level Domains are as follows:
Abbreviations Used to Denote Abbreviations Used to Denote
.com Commercial firms .net Networks
.edu Universities/Educational firms .org Non-Government/Non-Profit Organisations
.gov Government Bodies/Organisations .co National and Multinational Companies
.mil Military Organisations .int International Organisations
ICT Skills-I 101

