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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is a well-known communication protocol for sending and receiving data over a network. It breaks down any
message into a sequence of packets that are transferred from source to destination, where they are reassembled.
Internet Protocol (IP)
IP was created to be used as an addressing protocol. It’s most commonly associated with TCP. Packets with IP addresses
are routed through multiple nodes in a network until they reach their destination system. On an IP network, an IP
address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection. An IP address is a 32-bit binary integer that is commonly
written as four decimal values separated by decimal points, each representing eight bits in the range 0 to 255 (known
as octets). For example 192.179.222.194. This is also called the “Dotted decimal” notation.
Sender of packet Recipient of packet
192.16.00.12
To 192.00.00.75
192.16.00.12 The Internet 192.00.00.75
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a protocol that allows two computers linked by a serial interface, usually a personal
computer and a server, to communicate. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) may, for example, give you with a PPP
connection so that the ISP’s server can react to your requests, send them to the Internet, and send you the Internet
responses you requested. It was created to facilitate communication between two systems over telephone lines by
allowing network packets to be transmitted over a serial point-to-point link. PPP is sometimes considered part of the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTP is a protocol for exchanging hypertext between two or more systems. Links are created using HTML tags. These
links can take any form, including text and graphics. HTTP is based on client-server concepts, allowing a client system
to connect to a server machine in order to send a request. The server acknowledges the client’s request and responds
as appropriate. There are three key characteristics of HTTP:
1. It is connectionless. The client disconnects from the server after making a request and waits for a response. The
server must re-establish the connection with the client to process the request.
2. HTTP is unaffected by the medium in which it is used. This means that HTTP can send any sort of data (text, photos,
sound, video, etc.) as long as both the client and the server understand how to process the data.
3. Finally, HTTP is a stateless protocol. This is because the server and client are only aware of each other during
a request. Following that, they are unplugged. As a result, neither the client nor the browser can keep track of
information over multiple requests and web pages.
HTTP request
HTTP response
Client Server
124 Touchpad Web Applications-XI

