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Peer-To-Peer Networking
                 Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking is a decentralised communication model where each device (peer) can act as both a
                 client and a server. In this structure, devices share resources directly with one another without relying on a central
                 server. Users commonly use P2P networks for file sharing, online gaming, and collaborative applications to connect
                 and exchange data efficiently.


























                 Client-Server Model
                 The web had a two-tiered architecture in the beginning: clients and
                 servers.  The  duties  and  services  that  the  system  was  expected  to
                 accomplish were shared between clients and servers. When a client                 Server
                 requests a service from the server, the server responds by providing
                 the requested service. The two-layer concept, commonly known as the
                 client-server model, involves retrieving a website using a URL address
                 that instructs a server to load the site in the client’s browser.
                 For  application  systems  to  connect  with  one  another,  the  web
                 architecture must meet three requirements:                           PC         Smartphone      Laptop


                                   CSS                                        SMTP                   URL (general concept URI)



                   HTML                           XML        HTTP/HTTPS                     POP3
                              1. Representation                           2. Protocols for                 3. Using
                               formats with a                              data transfer                  standard for
                               fixed standard                                                             addressing



                 Finally, web architecture refers to the operational framework of data storage, transport, and presentation systems.
                 When data and resources are transported to the web, the web architecture often consists of database servers that
                 manage them. They use a transfer protocol to communicate with a client so that the data may be retrieved and viewed
                 in a browser. HTML and CSS are commonly used to express data

                 Three Tier Model
                 The three-tier web architecture consists of the presentation tier, or user interface; the application tier, where data is
                 processed; and the data tier, where the data associated with the application is stored and managed.
                 As each tier runs on its own infrastructure, three-tier architecture has the advantage of allowing each tier to be created
                 in parallel by a distinct development team and updated or scaled as needed without affecting the other tiers.

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