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Peer-To-Peer Networking
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking is a decentralised communication model where each device (peer) can act as both a
client and a server. In this structure, devices share resources directly with one another without relying on a central
server. Users commonly use P2P networks for file sharing, online gaming, and collaborative applications to connect
and exchange data efficiently.
Client-Server Model
The web had a two-tiered architecture in the beginning: clients and
servers. The duties and services that the system was expected to
accomplish were shared between clients and servers. When a client Server
requests a service from the server, the server responds by providing
the requested service. The two-layer concept, commonly known as the
client-server model, involves retrieving a website using a URL address
that instructs a server to load the site in the client’s browser.
For application systems to connect with one another, the web
architecture must meet three requirements: PC Smartphone Laptop
CSS SMTP URL (general concept URI)
HTML XML HTTP/HTTPS POP3
1. Representation 2. Protocols for 3. Using
formats with a data transfer standard for
fixed standard addressing
Finally, web architecture refers to the operational framework of data storage, transport, and presentation systems.
When data and resources are transported to the web, the web architecture often consists of database servers that
manage them. They use a transfer protocol to communicate with a client so that the data may be retrieved and viewed
in a browser. HTML and CSS are commonly used to express data
Three Tier Model
The three-tier web architecture consists of the presentation tier, or user interface; the application tier, where data is
processed; and the data tier, where the data associated with the application is stored and managed.
As each tier runs on its own infrastructure, three-tier architecture has the advantage of allowing each tier to be created
in parallel by a distinct development team and updated or scaled as needed without affecting the other tiers.
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