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Time-Sharing (Multitasking) Operating System: Time-sharing OS User 3 User 4
allows multiple users or processes to share system resources by
allocating a small time slice to each one in turn. This gives the illusion User 2 User 5
of simultaneous execution. For example, UNIX, Linux, and modern CPU (Active state)
versions of Windows (in multitasking mode).
Application: Used in systems requiring multi-user access and User 1 User 6
resource sharing, such as servers or educational institutions.
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): An RTOS is designed to process data and respond to inputs within
a strict time frame. It is critical for systems where delays could be catastrophic. For example, VxWorks, QNX,
and FreeRTOS.
Application: Used in embedded systems, medical devices, industrial control systems, automotive
applications, and aerospace systems.
User Application Programs RTOS Hardware
Single-User Operating System: A single-user OS is designed for use
by one user at a time. It can either be single-tasking or multitasking. Input Input
A single-tasking OS allows only one task to run, while a multitasking User Output Output
OS allows one user to run multiple tasks simultaneously. For example,
Early versions of MS-DOS, Windows 10 (for a single user).
Application: Used on personal computers, smartphones, and tablets where only one user interacts with
the system at a time.
Multi-User Operating System: A multi-user OS allows multiple
users to access and use the system’s resources simultaneously.
Each user operates in their own environment and is isolated from
others. For example, UNIX, Linux, and mainframe systems.
Application: Used in servers, mainframes, and systems where
multiple users need to access the machine at the same time, like
in businesses, universities, and data centres.
Distributed Operating System: A distributed OS manages a group of independent computers that appear
as a single system to the user. It coordinates the system’s resources, allowing users to share files and
processes across multiple machines. For example, Google Cloud, Hadoop, and OS used in clusters.
Application: Used in cloud computing, big data applications, and large-scale enterprise systems.
Computer Node File Server
Communication
Workstation Workstation
Network
DB Server Terminal
Emerging Trends 151

