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  Multitasking and Multithreading: The OS manages multiple tasks or threads, enabling the execution of
                 multiple programs simultaneously or in parallel. It handles the switching between tasks to ensure responsive
                 performance.
                Networking: The OS handles communication over a network, allowing devices to connect, share resources,
                 and communicate with other devices across local or global networks. It supports protocols like TCP/IP.
                Error Detection and Handling: The OS monitors system activities to detect and handle errors or faults. It
                 ensures that errors are logged and corrective actions are taken to maintain smooth operations.
                Resource Allocation: The OS efficiently allocates resources (CPU time, memory, disk space, etc.) to various
                 applications and users based on priority, ensuring optimal performance and fairness.
                Backup  and  Recovery:  The  OS  provides  mechanisms  to  back  up  important  data  and  system  files  to
                 prevent data  loss  due to accidental  deletion, hardware failure, or corruption.  It also includes recovery
                 tools to restore the system to a previous state or recover lost data. This is critical for data protection and
                 system resilience.

              Advantages of Operating System
              Some of the advantages of an operating system are as follows:

                Efficient Resource Management: The OS ensures optimal use of system resources (CPU, memory, storage)
                 by allocating them based on need, leading to better performance.

                User-Friendly Interface: The OS provides a user interface (either graphical or command-line) that allows
                 users to easily interact with the system and perform tasks.
                Security: The OS offers strong security features, protecting the system from malware and unauthorised
                 access while maintaining user privacy and data integrity.
                Multitasking: The OS allows multiple  applications to run simultaneously, enhancing  productivity and
                 enabling more efficient use of the computer.
                Data Protection: An operating system safeguards data against unauthorised manipulation by implementing
                 access control measures. It also ensures the secure storage of data for multiple users on the same system
                 by efficiently partitioning their information.
                Backup  and  Recovery: The  OS includes tools for  backing  up  important  data  and  recovering  lost or
                 corrupted files, ensuring data safety and system resilience.
                Device  Compatibility:  The  OS facilitates smooth interaction  with  a  wide  range  of  hardware  devices,
                 providing the necessary drivers and interfaces for seamless device management.

              Types of Operating System

                Batch Operating System: A batch OS groups jobs with similar requirements into batches and processes
                 them sequentially without user interaction. For example, Early mainframe OS like IBM's OS/360.

                                                                      Batch 2
                              User 1      Job 1                                    Batch 1
                                                                       Job 7                      CPU
                                                                                    Job 4          +
                              User 2      Job 2          Operator      Job 5                       OS
                                                                                    Job 1
                                                                       Job 2                      User
                                                                                                Program
                              User n      Job n

                Application: Used in systems where multiple jobs need to be processed without user interaction, such as
                 large-scale computations.


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