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  Time-Sharing (Multitasking) Operating System: Time-sharing OS         User 3              User 4
                   allows multiple users or processes to share system resources by
                   allocating a small time slice to each one in turn. This gives the illusion   User 2          User 5
                   of simultaneous execution. For example, UNIX, Linux, and modern                   CPU     (Active state)
                   versions of Windows (in multitasking mode).
                   Application:  Used  in  systems  requiring  multi-user  access  and    User 1              User 6
                   resource sharing, such as servers or educational institutions.

                   Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): An RTOS is designed to process data and respond to inputs within
                   a strict time frame. It is critical for systems where delays could be catastrophic. For example, VxWorks, QNX,
                   and FreeRTOS.

                   Application:  Used in  embedded  systems, medical devices,  industrial  control  systems, automotive
                   applications, and aerospace systems.

                                        User        Application Programs       RTOS         Hardware


                   Single-User Operating System: A single-user OS is designed for use
                   by one user at a time. It can either be single-tasking or multitasking.     Input        Input
                   A single-tasking OS allows only one task to run, while a multitasking   User  Output    Output
                   OS allows one user to run multiple tasks simultaneously. For example,
                   Early versions of MS-DOS, Windows 10 (for a single user).

                   Application: Used on personal computers, smartphones, and tablets where only one user interacts with
                   the system at a time.

                                                           Multi-User Operating System: A multi-user OS allows multiple
                                                           users to access and use the system’s resources simultaneously.

                                                           Each user operates in their own environment and is isolated from
                                                           others. For example, UNIX, Linux, and mainframe systems.
                                                           Application: Used in servers, mainframes, and systems where
                                                           multiple users need to access the machine at the same time, like
                                                           in businesses, universities, and data centres.


                   Distributed Operating System: A distributed OS manages a group of independent computers that appear

                   as a single system to the user. It coordinates the system’s resources, allowing users to share files and
                   processes across multiple machines. For example, Google Cloud, Hadoop, and OS used in clusters.
                   Application: Used in cloud computing, big data applications, and large-scale enterprise systems.


                                          Computer Node                               File Server


                                                             Communication
                                           Workstation                               Workstation
                                                                 Network


                                            DB Server                                 Terminal


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