Page 9 - computer science (868) class 11
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values – variables denoting objects are references to those objects. The assignment operator = is special.
                       The variable on the LHS of = denotes the memory location while the same variable on the RHS denotes the
                       contents of the location e.g. i=i+2.
                       Note: Library functions for solving expressions may be used as and when required.

                  7.     Statements, Scope
                       Statements; conditional (if, if else, if else if, switch case) ternary operator, looping (for, while, do while),
                       continue, break; grouping statements in blocks, scope and visibility of variables.

                       Describe the semantics of the conditional and looping statements in detail. Evaluation of the condition in
                       conditional statements.
                       Nesting of blocks. Variables with block scope, method scope, class scope. Visibility rules when variables
                       with the same name are defined in different scopes.

                  8.     Methods and Constructors
                       Methods and Constructors (as abstractions for complex user defined operations on objects), methods as
                       mechanisms for side effects; formal arguments and actual arguments in methods; different behaviour of
                       primitive and object arguments. Static methods and variables. The this operator. Examples of algorithmic
                       problem solving using methods (number problems, finding roots of algebraic equations etc.).

                       Methods are like complex operations where the object is implicitly the first argument. Operator this denotes
                       the current object. Methods typically return values. Illustrate the difference between primitive values and
                       object values as arguments (changes made inside methods persist after the call for object values). Static
                       definitions as class variables and class methods visible and shared by all instances. Need for static methods
                       and variables. Introduce the main method – needed to begin execution. Constructor as a special kind of
                       method; the new operator; multiple constructors with different argument structures; constructor returns
                       a reference to the object.
                  9.     Arrays, Strings

                       Structured  data  types  –  arrays  (single  and  multi-  dimensional),  strings.  Example  algorithms    that  use
                       structured  data  types  (searching,  finding  maximum/minimum,  sorting  techniques,  solving  systems  of
                       linear equations, substring, concatenation, length, access to char in string, etc.).
                       Storing many data elements of the same type requires structured data types – like arrays. Access in arrays
                       is constant time and does not depend on the number  of  elements. Sorting techniques (bubble, selection,

                       insertion), Structured  data types can be  defined by classes – String.  Introduce  the  Java library String
                       class and the basic operations on strings (accessing individual characters, various substring operations,
                       concatenation, replacement, index of operations).

                                                               SECTION C
                  10.   Basic input/output

                       Basic input/output using Scanner
                         Input/output exceptions. Tokens in an input stream, concept of whitespace, extracting tokens from an input
                       stream (String Tokenizer class). The Scanner class can be used for input of various types of data (e.g. int,
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