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    • • •Trust is built through honesty and empathy, while unpredictability or dishonesty can break trust and create distance.

             • • •Charismatic individuals influence others’ opinions and decisions, while introverted personalities may find it more
              difficult to persuade.
             • • •An optimistic personality uplifts group energy, while a pessimistic outlook may bring the mood down.
             • • •High emotional intelligence creates a supportive environment, where others feel understood and valued, deepening
              relationships.

            2.4.4 Personality Disorders

            Personality disorders are characterised by undesirable and inflexible long-term habits of thought and behaviour. A
            personality disorder is a style of thinking, feeling, and acting that deviates from social standards and produces long-term
            pain. There are mainly three groups of personality disorders. Let us learn about them.

            Group A: Suspicious

            People in this group are always suspicious and mistrustful of others, even when there is no need to be. For example,
            Rohan is a shop owner. He has an employee who has been working in his shop for three years. Despite the employee’s
            consistent honesty and dedication, Rohan remains suspicious of him. He constantly watches the employee’s actions,
            checks the cash register multiple times a day, and questions minor activities. This behaviour creates tension between
            Rohan and his employee.
            Following are different types of personality disorders developed in people showing suspicious behaviour:

             • • •Paranoid personality disorder: It is characterised by suspicion towards others, especially friends, family members,
              and lovers. People with this disease frequently harbour grudges against others.

             • • •Schizoid personality disorder: The word "schizoid" refers to the natural propensity to shift one’s attention away
              from the exterior world and onto one’s inner existence. A person suffering from schizoid personality disorder is
              remote and aloof, with an inclination towards introspection and fantasising. The individual appears to be emotionally
              frigid and displays little interest in building personal ties.

             • • •Schizotypal personality disorder:  Schizotypal  Personality  Disorder  (STPD)  is  characterised  by  eccentric  beliefs
              and behaviours, such as the belief that one can influence people or events through thoughts (magical thinking).
              Individuals with STPD often misinterpret the actions of others, leading to inappropriate emotional responses. They
              may struggle with forming intimate relationships due to social anxiety, a fear of being misunderstood, or discomfort
              in close interactions. This disorder can result in significant social isolation and difficulty in maintaining relationships.

            Group B: Emotional and Impulsive Behaviour
            This personality disorder is distinguished by fluctuating emotions and behaviours, that results in poor and unstable
            relationships, emotional instability, and sense of worthlessness.  For example, Meera is a college student. Whenever
            she faces criticism or performs poorly in exams, she becomes extremely upset and argues with her friends. Instead of
            learning from her mistakes, she withdraws from social interactions. Despite her parents and teachers trying to support
            her, Meera often feels angry, worthless, and reacts by shouting at them.
            Following are different types of personality disorders developed in people showing emotional and impulsive behaviour:
               •  Antisocial personality disorder: It is characterised by a disdain for social rules and duties. They are irritable and
              aggressive, and they behave rashly. They have a lack of shame and fail to learn from their mistakes. They may lie, steal,
              abuse, and may develop an addiction to alcohol or narcotics.
               •  Borderline personality disorder: People with borderline personality disorder lack a sense of self-worth, resulting
              in feelings of emptiness and anxieties of abandonment. A pattern of emotional instability, aggressive outbursts, and
              impulsive behaviour exists. Suicidal ideation and self-harm are widespread in persons with this personality disorder.
              They may struggle to cope with stressful situations.

               30   Touchpad Data Science-XII

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