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Cell Reference refers to:
• Data from one or more contiguous cells on the worksheet
• Data contained in different areas of a worksheet
• Data on other worksheets in the same workbook
To see how this works:
• Enter 10 in cell A1.
• Now click on cell A2.
• Type =A1*2 in the formula bar.
• Press the ENTER key.
The value in cell A2 is 20.
If you change the value in cell A1 from 10 to any value, the value in cell
A2 will also change.
Cell references are especially helpful when you create complex formulas.
There are three types of cell references used in Excel: relative, absolute, and mixed.
Relative References
It is based on the position of the cell in which the formula is typed with respect to the cell address
of the formula. When we copy or move the formula to other cells, the reference (cell address)
automatically changes according to the relative position of cells in consideration.
To use the relative cell reference, follow the given steps:
2 Click on the Copy command.
3 Select another
cell in which you
want to copy the
formula and click
on the Paste
command.
1 Select the cell that contains
the formula in which the
reference of other cells is used.
Absolute References
It is applied when a user does not want to change the value while copying the formula with cell
address to another cell. To apply an absolute cell reference, a ‘$’ (dollar) sign is prefixed before
the row number and/or the column name in the cell address. (i.e. $ sign fixes the value).
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Spreadsheet—Functions and Charts

