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The value in cell A2 is 20.
If you change the value in cell A1 from 10 to any value, the value in cell A2
will update accordingly.
Cell references are especially helpful when you create complex formulas.
There are three types of cell references used in Excel: relative, absolute, and mixed.
Relative References
In a relative reference, you refer to a cell based on its position relative to the current cell. When
a formula with a relative reference is copied to another cell, the reference adjusts to the new
position, and the result in the copied cell changes accordingly.
To use the relative cell reference, follow the given steps:
2 Click on the Copy command.
3 Select
another cell in
which you want
to copy the
formula and click
on the Paste 1 Select the cell
command. that contains the
formula in which
the reference
of other cells is
used.
Absolute References
To maintain the original references when copying a formula, use absolute references. This ensures
that the cell references do not change. To create an absolute reference, precede both the column
letter and the row number with a dollar sign ($).
For example, if you want to give a discount of 10% on each product, then the discount will
remain the same for all the products. To
calculate the amount to be paid, you
should add the Dollar ($) sign to the cell
that contains the discount percentage. In
this case, the discount percentage is given
in cell D3. Hence, the formula will be
=((B3*C3)-((B3*C3)*($D$3))).
When you copy the formula to the next
cell, the address of the cell D3 will remain
the same as shown.
Spreadsheet—Functions and Charts 19

