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To see how this works, enter 10 in cell A1. Now, select cell A2 and type =A1*2, and press the

                  ENTER key. The value in cell A2 is 20. If you change the value in cell A1 from 10 to any value, the
                  value in cell A2 will also change.







                                           Using cell reference              After changing value
                  Cell references are especially helpful when you create complex formulas. There are three types
                  of cell references used in Excel– relative, absolute and mixed.

                  Relative References

                  In relative reference, you actually refer to the cell that is above or below and left or right to the

                  number of rows or columns. When a formula that possesses a relative reference is copied from
                  one cell to another cell, the value in the copied cell also changes.
                  To use the relative cell reference, perform the following steps:

                  Step 1  Select the cell that contains the formula in which the reference of other cells is used. In
                          this case, we have selected the cell D3 that contains the =B3*C3 formula to calculate the

                          amount to be paid for the product.
                  Step 2  Click on the Copy command form the Clipboard group under the Home tab.

                  Step 3  Select another cell in which you want to copy
                          the formula and click on the Paste command

                          from the  Clipboard group  under  the  Home
                          tab.  Notice, in the  Formula bar  that  the cell
                          address you have used in the formula gets
                          changed accordingly.                                        Using relative referencing

                  Absolute References

                  If you wish to maintain the original references as they were, then you should make use of the
                  absolute references. If you want to make the formula retain the original reference when it is
                  copied, then you should precede the column reference and row reference by a Dollar ($) symbol.

                  For example, if you want to give a discount of 10% on
                  each product, then the discount will remain same for
                  all the products. To calculate the amount to be paid,
                  you should add the Dollar ($) sign with the cell that

                  contains  the discount  percentage.  In this case,  the
                  discount percentage is given in the cell D3. Hence, the             Using absolute referencing
                  formula will be =((B3*C3)-((B3*C3)*($D$3))).
                  When you copy the formula to the next cell, address of the cell D3 will remain the same as shown.



                  38      Modular (Ver. 1.1)-VII
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