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Cell references are especially helpful when you create complex formulas. There are three
types of cell references used in Excel: relative, absolute and mixed.
Relative References
In relative reference, you actually refer to a cell that is above or below and left or right to
a number of rows or columns. When a formula that possesses a relative reference is copied
from one cell to another cell, the value in the copied cell also changes. To use the relative FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL
cell reference, perform the following steps:
Step 1: Select the cell that contains the formula in which the reference of other cells
is used. In this case, we have selected the cell D3, which contains the =B3*C3
formula to calculate the amount to be paid for the product.
Step 2: Click on the Copy command from the Clipboard group under the Home tab.
Step 3: Select another cell in which you want to copy the formula and click on the Paste 49
command from the Clipboard group under the Home tab. Notice, in the Formula bar
that the cell address that you have used in the formula gets changed accordingly.
Using Relative Referencing
Absolute References
If you wish to maintain the original references as they were, then you should make use of
the absolute references. If you want to make the formula retain the original reference
when it is copied, then you should precede the column reference and the row reference by
a Dollar ($) symbol.
For example, if you want to give a discount of 10% on each product, then the discount will
remain the same for all the products.

